صحیح بخاری #7170
حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ حَدَّثَنَا اللَّيْثُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ يَحْيَی عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ کَثِيرٍ عَنْ أَبِي مُحَمَّدٍ مَوْلَی أَبِي قَتَادَةَ أَنَّ أَبَا قَتَادَةَ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّی اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَوْمَ حُنَيْنٍ مَنْ لَهُ بَيِّنَةٌ عَلَی قَتِيلٍ قَتَلَهُ فَلَهُ سَلَبُهُ فَقُمْتُ لِأَلْتَمِسَ بَيِّنَةً عَلَی قَتِيلِي فَلَمْ أَرَ أَحَدًا يَشْهَدُ لِي فَجَلَسْتُ ثُمَّ بَدَا لِي فَذَکَرْتُ أَمْرَهُ إِلَی رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّی اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ جُلَسَائِهِ سِلَاحُ هَذَا الْقَتِيلِ الَّذِي يَذْکُرُ عِنْدِي قَالَ فَأَرْضِهِ مِنْهُ فَقَالَ أَبُو بَکْرٍ کَلَّا لَا يُعْطِهِ أُصَيْبِغَ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ وَيَدَعَ أَسَدًا مِنْ أُسْدِ اللَّهِ يُقَاتِلُ عَنْ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ قَالَ فَأَمَرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّی اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَأَدَّاهُ إِلَيَّ فَاشْتَرَيْتُ مِنْهُ خِرَافًا فَکَانَ أَوَّلَ مَالٍ تَأَثَّلْتُهُ قَالَ لِي عَبْدُ اللَّهِ عَنْ اللَّيْثِ فَقَامَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّی اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَأَدَّاهُ إِلَيَّ وَقَالَ أَهْلُ الْحِجَازِ الْحَاکِمُ لَا يَقْضِي بِعِلْمِهِ شَهِدَ بِذَلِکَ فِي وِلَايَتِهِ أَوْ قَبْلَهَا وَلَوْ أَقَرَّ خَصْمٌ عِنْدَهُ لِآخَرَ بِحَقٍّ فِي مَجْلِسِ الْقَضَائِ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَقْضِي عَلَيْهِ فِي قَوْلِ بَعْضِهِمْ حَتَّی يَدْعُوَ بِشَاهِدَيْنِ فَيُحْضِرَهُمَا إِقْرَارَهُ وَقَالَ بَعْضُ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ مَا سَمِعَ أَوْ رَآهُ فِي مَجْلِسِ الْقَضَائِ قَضَی بِهِ وَمَا کَانَ فِي غَيْرِهِ لَمْ يَقْضِ إِلَّا بِشَاهِدَيْنِ وَقَالَ آخَرُونَ مِنْهُمْ بَلْ يَقْضِي بِهِ لِأَنَّهُ مُؤْتَمَنٌ وَإِنَّمَا يُرَادُ مِنْ الشَّهَادَةِ مَعْرِفَةُ الْحَقِّ فَعِلْمُهُ أَکْثَرُ مِنْ الشَّهَادَةِ وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ يَقْضِي بِعِلْمِهِ فِي الْأَمْوَالِ وَلَا يَقْضِي فِي غَيْرِهَا وَقَالَ الْقَاسِمُ لَا يَنْبَغِي لِلْحَاکِمِ أَنْ يُمْضِيَ قَضَائً بِعِلْمِهِ دُونَ عِلْمِ غَيْرِهِ مَعَ أَنَّ عِلْمَهُ أَکْثَرُ مِنْ شَهَادَةِ غَيْرِهِ وَلَکِنَّ فِيهِ تَعَرُّضًا لِتُهَمَةِ نَفْسِهِ عِنْدَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَإِيقَاعًا لَهُمْ فِي الظُّنُونِ وَقَدْ کَرِهَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّی اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الظَّنَّ فَقَالَ إِنَّمَا هَذِهِ صَفِيَّةُ
Narrated Abu Qatada: Allah's Apostle said on the Day of (the battle of) Hunain, "Whoever has killed an infidel and has a proof or a witness for it, then the salb (arms and belongings of that deceased) will be for him." I stood up to seek a witness to testify that I had killed an infidel but I could not find any witness and then sat down. Then I thought that I should mention the case to Allah's Apostle I (and when I did so) a man from those who were sitting with him said, "The arms of the killed person he has mentioned, are with me, so please satisfy him on my behalf." Abu Bakr said, "No, he will not give the arms to a bird of Quraish and deprive one of Allah's lions of it who fights for the cause of Allah and His Apostle." Allah's Apostle I stood up and gave it to me, and I bought a garden with its price, and that was my first property which I owned through the war booty. The people of Hijaz said, "A judge should not pass a judgment according to his knowledge, whether he was a witness at the time he was the judge or before that" And if a litigant gives a confession in favor of his opponent in the court, in the opinion of some scholars, the judge should not pass a judgment against him till the latter calls two witnesses to witness his confession. And some people of Iraq said, "A judge can pass a judgement according to what he hears or witnesses (the litigant's confession) in the court itself, but if the confession takes place outside the court, he should not pass the judgment unless two witnesses witness the confession." Some of them said, "A judge can pass a judgement depending on his knowledge of the case as he is trust-worthy, and that a witness is Required just to reveal the truth. The judge's knowledge is more than the witness." Some said, "A judge can judge according to his knowledge only in cases involving property, but in other cases he cannot." Al-Qasim said, "A judge ought not to pass a judgment depending on his knowledge if other people do not know what he knows, although his knowledge is more than the witness of somebody else because he might expose himself to suspicion by the Muslims and cause the Muslims to have unreasonable doubt. "
أَبِي مُحَمَّدٍ مَوْلَی أَبِي قَتَادَةَ أَنَّ أَبَا قَتَادَةَ ← عُمَرَ بْنِ کَثِيرٍ ← يَحْيَى ← اللَّيْثُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ ← قُتَيْبَةُ،
صحیح بخاری · كِتَاب الْأَحْكَامِ · Hadith 7170